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By Kentucky Equine Research Staff
The intestinal microbiome has drawn a great deal of attention over the past decade. Scientists have learned how powerful this collection of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa is and the far-reaching effects the microbiome has on a horse’s health. One of the latest studies examining the intestinal microbiome found that microbiome diversity early in a foal’s life may predict future racing performance.*
In the study, 52 Thoroughbred foals were followed from birth until three years of age. Spontaneously voided fecal samples from each foal were collected at nine different time points during the foal’s first year of life. Those samples underwent standard microbiome analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the types and numbers of bacteria present in those samples, and the diversity was calculated.
“Diversity refers to the number of individual bacteria in each of the bacterial species found in the intestinal microbiome. Higher diversity is linked to improved health, particularly in terms of the immune system. Because over 70% of the body’s immune system is in the digestive tract, nutrition can influence the immune system by affecting the diversity of the bacteria in the gut,” explained Kathleen Crandell, Ph.D., a nutritionist for Kentucky Equine Research.
In humans, lack of microbiome diversity is linked to several chronic diseases, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes, digestive disorders, and allergies. Some of these conditions also occur in horses, prompting further research on the intestinal microbiome in both species.
As expected, diversity was low in fecal samples collected from very young foals. But that diversity increased until 60 days of age.
In terms of athletic performance, official rating, average prize money earnings, and average race placings were the three selected outcome measures. A significant, positive association between fecal microbial diversity at 28 days of age and all three racing outcomes was identified. Further, a higher relative abundance of Anaeroplasmataceae on day 28 was associated with higher official rating, and a higher relative abundance of Bacillaceae on day 28 was associated with higher race placings.
Because it is an observational study, it is important to appreciate these results do not indicate a causal relationship. For example, having a higher abundance of Anaeroplasmataceae in young foals (one month old) does not cause better racing outcomes. This study does, however, indicate that microbial diversity may predict athletic performance later in life.
“This is the first study to look at the relationship between early-life gut bacterial communities and subsequent athletic performance. This study is relevant because maximizing athletic potential is a key to successful racehorse breeding, which is an industry that creates jobs and has a wide-reaching economic impact on communities,” noted Crandell.
This new data, together with the existing body of knowledge of the microbiome in foals and horses, highlights the importance of a stable and diverse microbiome for maintaining health.
This research identified a “critical window” when the composition of the microbial community in the digestive tract can affect the immunity and future health of an individual.
“We need to look more closely at early-life interventions designed to enhance the health and future of athletic performance of horses. While we are still not able to select for the growth of certain bacteria that might confer specific health or performance benefits, we are learning more about diet modulation and manipulation to influence overall health of the digestive tract,” said Crandell.
She did note, however, that the first month of a foal’s life is when they are highly dependent on mare’s milk.
“Paying close attention to the mare’s diet and environment might have the most influence on building diversity in the foal’s microbiome and improving its overall health and long-term performance,” Crandell suggested.
Promoting microbiome diversity in the mare can be achieved by:
Read more: Study: Intestinal Microbiome of Foals May Predict Future Racing Success
Presented by Dr. Lisa Fortier, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, and recorded on Tuesday, October 15th via Zoom.
Intra-articular injections in horses are commonly performed with a multitude of justifications including the perceived source of pain, stiffness, poor performance, routine maintenance, radiographic changes, effusion, or post-operative care. There are numerous products available for injection including corticosteroids, autologous biologics, and polyacrylamide hydrogels, with new products constantly emerging for consideration. To determine which product to use when, it is important to have a current understanding of osteoarthritis (OA).
It has been known for decades that osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disease and therefore mediated by the immune system. OA is not an auto-immune disease like rheumatic arthritis, but there is clear involvement of immune in the initiation and perpetuation of OA. Inflammation in the joint follows that classic cascade of injury/inflammation with primarily neutrophil involvement, followed by cell proliferation and matrix remodeling during tissue formation with an influx of macrophages and monocytes, and finally cell differentiation with tissue remodeling with a predominance of T cells. All of this happens at the level of the synovial membrane where the inflammatory cells originate and infiltrate the joint fluid. Cartilage is an innocent bystander.
Therefore, medications/products for intra-articular use should target immune cells in the joint capsule or synovial fluid. Finally, all phases of inflammation are important; the goal is not to eliminate inflammation, but to ensure that the joint passes through each phase and doesn’t linger in any one phase which would lead to prolonged inflammation, tissue disorganization and scarring with loss of function. Categories of joint medications will be discussed from the lens of OA in an inflammatory disease of the joint capsule.
Read more: Intra-articular Approaches to Osteoarthritis - Cornell Equine Seminar (Oct 2024)
5 tips for safe horse hauling, including the invaluable importance of horse shipping boots
Kailey Schmidt was at the wheel of a truck pulling three horses home from a college rodeo. Two friends, also members of the University of Tennessee-Martin rodeo team, were with her in the cab. It was 11 o’clock at night when Kailey noticed a car was speeding toward an upcoming intersection. The driver didn’t see the stop sign he was soon to blow past. Kailey did and pulling a 42-foot trailer with horses, she knew there wasn’t time for them to stop. She stepped on the gas with hopes of making it across the intersection.
The oncoming car T-boned the bed of her truck, sending their truck spinning so fast that it slammed against the living quarter compartment of the horse trailer, detaching completely from the gooseneck hitch. The horse trailer’s emergency brake cable allowed it to come to a standstill; however, its resting place left the horse compartment dangling on top of guardrails over a 30-foot drop to a gully.
“If that car would have been a few seconds earlier, it would have killed all three girls -- and just a few seconds later, killed all three horses,” said John Luthi, head coach of the UTM rodeo team.
As the three women stepped from the truck, they were each unharmed but in shock. “I looked up to see our horse trailer on the edge of rolling off a gully,” recalled Kailey Schmidt. “When I picked up my phone to dial 911, I couldn’t believe the words coming out of my mouth.”
The horses and trailer were teetering on the guardrails, and it wasn’t safe to get on to help the horses. “It would be silent, and then the horses would start thrashing really bad. I could hear the horses struggling to get up. We were able to cut their lead ropes so they wouldn’t choke,” Schmidt said.
One of the horses on the trailer was Tater, who was gifted by Kailey’s parents for her 13th birthday.
Half of the UTM rodeo team was miles behind them, and soon 10 horse trailers were parked on the side of the highway. They were there for emotional support and to lend a hand however they could. Sometime later, a wrecker arrived to remove the horse trailer from atop the guard rails to safety.
“One horse was trailered immediately to an emergency vet clinic. He was left with severe injuries and a long road to recovery,” recalled Schmidt.
“My horse was the only one who could pull himself up on his own. He was the only one wearing Back on Track wraps that night. The wraps played a huge part in enabling him to recover so fast. Admittedly, a lot of the time you’re just ready to hit the road but thankfully that night, I put on his Back on Track wraps before I left the rodeo. With the wraps, he was thankfully not cut up down his lower leg or severely injured. His legs were clean where the wraps were. To this day, he is the only horse on that trailer that is back riding or competing after the wreck. Just four short weeks after the wreck, he was back to competing at Southern Arkansas University, and we won third in the long round tying goats.”
Kailey’s love for horses started as a young girl, and like many, she has never grown out of it. “I was born and raised in the horse world. When I was a toddler, I wouldn’t go to sleep unless they walked me down the barn hallway every night.”
She knows she is lucky to still have her 13th birthday present Tater with her today, and that they can continue their riding and love for rodeo together. “He was the first colt I ever broke, and I was pretty green myself. We have learned together.” A finance major, she has two more years with UTM competing in “Everything they let me,” she said, which includes: goat tying, breakaway roping, team roping and barrel racing.
When asked how she has overcome such a traumatic accident, Kailey paused. A few moments later she continued, “You have flashbacks, but you have to accept it and move on. You can’t live life in fear. Keep moving forward.”
She credits UTM rodeo team head coach John Luthi for his inspiration and her positive perspective. Luthi has been a well-respected name in the rodeo ranks since he was a contestant, as five-time Prairie Circuit qualifier in bareback riding and a three-time qualifier in bull riding. He won 15 all-around saddles during his 22-year career as a contestant. As a college rodeo coach for now 39 years, his passion for the sport, and mentoring his team, is unwavering.
“Our rodeo team is on the road a lot,” said Luthi. “You have to have faith that you’ll make it and that things will be fine. We do a lot of praying and that’s part of life. It’s like when you get out of bed in the morning, you step off, and you have faith there’s a floor beneath your feet. You have to have faith and trust that things are going to be fine.”
This article originally appeared on Valley Vet and is published here with permission. Valley Vet Supply was founded in 1985 by veterinarians for people just like you - people who want the very best for their four-legged friends and livestock.
All photos courtesy of Valley Vet.
There are more informative articles in our section on Tack & Farm.
Chuck is back with another episode of the Leather Element! In this video, he goes over a few rare tools you may want to invest in for your shop. Although these tools aren't used as often as our knives and chisels, they're still good to have on hand in case we need them.
Read more: The Leather Element: Rare Tools - Weaver Leathers (8:53)
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